Bi-directional fill for use in cooling towers

ABSTRACT

Cooling towers and cooling tower fill configured for the cooling of process water with air by indirect heat exchange, in which the fill is configured with a first set of channels and a second set of channels, said first and second set of channels interleaved with one-another so that heat exchange occurs across material separating said channels from one-another.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the use of bi-directional fill in cooling towers and methods of manufacturing fill.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

There is provided according to an embodiment of the invention, a cooling tower including cooling tower fill arranged for the cooling of process water with air by indirect heat exchange, in which the fill is configured with a first set of channels and a second set of channels, said first and second set of channels interleaved with one-another so that heat exchange occurs across material separating said channels from one-another.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, a first set of spray heads is configured to direct said process water only to said first set of channels, and a second set of spray heads is configured to direct said process water only to said second set of channels or to both sets of channels.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, the cooling tower is configured to allow indirect heat exchange between process water in said first set of channels and air in said second set of channels when said first set of spray heads is open, permitting process water to flow through said first set of channels, and said second set of spray heads is closed.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, said first set of channels are vertical from a top of said fill to a bottom of said fill, and wherein said second set of channels shift one column width at a top section of said fill, are vertical through a middle section of said fill, and optionally shift back one column width at a bottom section of said fill.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, said first set of channels shift one-half column width in a first direction at a top section of said fill, are vertical through a middle section of said fill, and optionally shift back one-half column width at a bottom section of said fill, and said second set of channels shift one-half column width in a second direction at said top section of said fill, are vertical through a middle section of said fill, and optionally shift back one-half column width at said bottom section of said fill.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, said channels are created by one or more fill packs, each made up of layers of stacked corrugated sheets, each corrugated sheet having a longitudinal axis that is shifted 30° to 90° relative to a longitudinal axis of adjacent corrugated sheets, each corrugated sheet separated from an adjacent corrugated sheet by an intermediate sheet.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, said corrugated sheets are bonded to adjacent intermediate sheets along corrugation ridges of said corrugated sheets.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, said first set of channels are oriented at an angle of 45° relative to vertical, and said second set of channels are also oriented at an angle of 45° relative to vertical, but perpendicular to said first set of channels.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, said fill packs have a length and width that are approximately equal.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, said fill packs have a length and a width, and wherein the length of said fill packs is 1.5 to 3 times the width.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, said fill packs are arranged in a plurality of layers across said cooling tower,

According to a further embodiment of the invention, there are open areas between said fill packs.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, omnidirectional fill is arranged in the spaces between said fill packs.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, each of said stacked corrugated and intermediate sheets of said fill packs extend across a plurality of indirect heat exchange zones of said cooling tower.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, internal intermediate sheets have beveled corners to allow fluid or air communication to isolated areas of said fill pack.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, a plurality of fill packs may be stacked on top of one-another in said cooling tower, and each said fill pack may be oriented 180°, horizontally, relative to a fill pack immediately above and/or below.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, said first and second sets of channels have the same dimensions.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, said first set of channels is larger in cross-section than said second set of channels.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, there is provided a cooling tower fill pack having a stack of identical plastic sheets, each sheet having a first face and a second face, said first face having a first set of ridges that define a first set of channels, said second face having a second set of ridges that define a second set of channels, and wherein in said fill pack, said plastic sheets are stacked so that a first face of a first sheet, is mated with a first face of a second sheet, turned upside down, and a second face of said second sheet is mated with a second face of a third sheet, turned upside down relative to said second sheet.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, said plastic sheets comprise crenellated portions where at top and bottom sections where said channel-defining-ridges terminate.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective representation of a bi-directional fill pack which may be used according to the invention.

FIG. 2A is an elevational view of a cooling tower fill section including bi-directional fill packs according to the invention, showing three layers of fill packs arranged in a diamond configuration.

FIG. 2B is a partially exploded view of a single fill pack of FIG. 2A in the diamond configuration.

FIG. 3A is a representation of the cooling tower fill section of FIG. 2, showing the flow of water when only the A set of spray heads are providing water.

FIG. 3B is a representation of the cooling tower fill section of FIG. 2, showing the flow of air when only the A set of spray heads are providing water, and the fan is drawing air up through the fill section in a counterflow configuration.

FIG. 3C illustrates how an embodiment of the invention can be applied to a crossflow cooling tower.

FIG. 4 is an elevational view of a cooling tower fill section including bi-directional fill packs according to a further embodiment of the invention, in which the fill packs are elongated in one dimension, showing two layers of fill packs arranged in a diamond configuration.

FIG. 5 is an elevational view of a cooling tower fill section including bi-directional fill packs as in FIG. 2, but in which the open areas of FIG. 2 contain omnidirectional fill.

FIG. 6 is an elevational view of a cooling tower fill section two layers of bi-directional fill packs in which the fill packs are oriented in a diamond configuration, and in which the fill packs are made from interleaved corrugated sheets that are arranged at 60°/30° angles relative to one-another.

FIG. 7A is an elevational view of a single layer of fill in a cooling tower fill section, in which the layer of fill comprises a single fill pack that spans the length of multiple zones.

FIG. 7B is a partially exploded view of the fill-pack shown in FIG. 7A.

FIG. 8A is an elevational view of a single layer of fill in a cooling tower fill section according to a different embodiment of the invention, in which intermediate layers of intermediate sheets are truncated at the corners to open isolated zones at the top and bottom corners of the fill pack.

FIG. 8B is a partially exploded view of the fill-pack shown in FIG. 8A.

FIG. 9A is a elevational view of a fill section of a cooling tower in which the fill is comprised of three connected layers of fill pack, each layer having the same construction of adjacent layers, but in which each successive layer is rotated horizontally 180° relative to the prior layer.

FIG. 9B is a partially exploded view of the first layer of the fill section of FIG. 9A.

FIG. 9C is a partially exploded view of the second layer of the fill section of

FIG. 9A.

FIG. 9D is a partially exploded view of the third layer of the fill section of FIG. 9A.

FIG. 10 is an elevational view of a cooling tower fill section having overlapping indirect heat exchange channels.

FIG. 11 is a representation of the three parts that may be used to assemble the sheets which in turn may be used to construct the fill pack shown in FIG. 10 without using a full intermediate sheet.

FIG. 12 is a representation of a first assembled sheet that may be used to construct the fill pack shown in FIG. 10.

FIG. 13 is a representation of a second assembled sheet that may be used to construct the fill pack shown in FIG. 10, arranged in an alternating/interleaved sequence with the first assembled sheet shown in FIG. 12.

FIG. 14A is a cross sectional view along line A-A of FIG. 11.

FIG. 14B is a cross-sectional view along line A-A of FIG. 10.

FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional representation of a fill pack similar to the fill pack shown in FIG. 10, but in which the profiles of the sheets are modified to create different size cross-sectional areas for the water and air flow paths.

FIG. 16 is a representation of a single sheet embodiment of the vertical column indirect heat exchange fill pack aspect of the invention in which single lines indicate structure, e.g., a ridge, coming out of the plane of the sheet, double lines indicate structure going into the plane of the sheet; and triple lines indicate structure coming out of the plane of the sheet next to structure going into the plane of the sheet. No intermediate sheet is used in this embodiment.

FIG. 17 is another representation of the sheet of FIG. 16, in which the heavy lines represent structure, e.g., ridges, coming out of the plane of the sheet. When this face of the sheet is paired with a second sheet of the same construction but rotated 180° about the axis of symmetry, channels are formed as indicated by the A (air) and W (water) designations.

FIG. 18 a representation of the reverse side of the sheet shown in FIG. 17, in which the heavy lines represent structure, e.g., ridges, coming out of the plane of the sheet. When this face of the sheet is paired with a second sheet of the same construction but rotated 180° about the axis of symmetry, channels are formed as indicated by the A (air) and W (water) designations.

FIG. 19 is a representation of a fill packet sheet with straight columns and crenellated top and bottom sections to allow for stacking.

FIG. 20 is a representation of a fill packet sheet with indexed columns and crenellated top and bottom sections to allow for stacking.

FIG. 21 is a representation of a fill packet sheet with crenellated indexed channels and a four-channel repeating motif to facilitated manufacture of longer fill packets.

FIG. 22 is a representation of a fill packet sheet with crenellated straight channels and a four-channel repeating motif to facilitate manufacture of longer fill packets.

FIG. 23 is representation of a first sheet for the construction of a cooling tower fill pack having overlapping indirect heat exchange channels, in which the columns are indexed one-half a column width to the left.

FIG. 24 is a representation of a second sheet for the construction of a cooling tower fill pack having overlapping indirect heat exchange channels, in which the columns are indexed one-half a column width to the right. Shaded portions of the figure represent areas where there is no indirect heat exchange.

FIG. 25 illustrates how the sheet of FIG. 24 may be thermoformed on standard equipment to make tall fill packs and eliminating the requirement for stacking.

FIG. 26 illustrates how the sheet of FIG. 23 may be thermoformed on standard equipment to make tall fill packs and eliminating the requirement for stacking.

FIG. 27 is a representation of a water distribution according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 28A illustrates an “A” sheet for a modification of the half column-index illustrated in FIG. 23 with 5 equal input-zones going to 4 columns, with arrows showing the water flow.

FIG. 28B illustrates a “B” sheet for a modification of the half colum index illustrated in FIG. 24 with 5 equal input-zones going to 4 columns, with arrows showing the water flow.

FIG. 29 illustrates a modification to the embodiment of FIG. 28B.

FIG. 30 illustrates an embodiment of the invention including Coand{hacek over (a)}-effect spoons.

FIG. 31 illustrates another embodiment of the invention including Coand{hacek over (a)}-effect spoons.

FIG. 32 illustrates a further embodiment of the invention Coand{hacek over (a)}-effect spoons.

FIG. 33 illustrates an embodiment of the invention including wet region air dampers.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is an apparatus and method to reduce water usage on an open cooling tower. Cooling towers cool water predominately by evaporation. The present invention provides a cooling tower that uses less water over the course of a year while cooling to the same temperature by replacing standard fill with bi-directional fill. The bi-directional fill provides two interleaved and independent air-water paths through the fill. The present invention also provides embodiments in which the fill includes multiple vertical interleaved water and air flow paths, allowing for concurrent or countercurrent indirect heat exchange in the fill section of a cooling tower.

An individual bi-directional fill-pack according to a first embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIG. 1. The fill-pack consists of multiple sheets of PVC arranged in a particular pattern. Corrugated sheets of PVC are alternated with corrugations perpendicular to each other; and thin intermediate sheets are placed in between the corrugated sheets. In this arrangement, one half of the corrugated sheets have corrugations that allow flow only in a first direction, e.g. a north-south direction, while the interleaved corrugated sheets have corrugations that allow flow only in a perpendicular direction, e.g., an east-west direction.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, bi-directional fill-packs may be oriented in a cooling tower fill section in a diamond configuration as shown in FIG. 2A, that is, with a first set of corrugations running in a first diagonal direction, e.g., Northwest to Southeast, and with the second, interleaved, set of corrugations running in a second, perpendicular, direction, e.g., Northeast to Southwest. According to this arrangement, the cooling tower can be configured to run as either a direct or as an indirect heat exchanger. FIG. 2B shows a partially exploded view of the fill packs of FIG. 2A. In the embodiment of FIG. 2A, three levels of fill packs are shown, with five fill packs per level but fewer or more levels or fill packs per level, may be used. According to the view shown in FIG. 2A, each fill pack extends into the page. The fill packs may contain five interleaved and perpendicularly arranged corrugated sheets, as shown in FIG. 1, or they may contain fewer or many more interleaved and perpendicularly arranged corrugated sheets. Open areas (not containing fill) exist in the spaces between the fill packs. Spray heads may be arranged above the fill packs to optionally direct water into channels A and B created by the corrugations. According to a preferred embodiment, the spray heads are divided among two spray branches A and B, corresponding to channels A and B. According to the embodiment shown in FIG. 2A, both sets of spray heads A and B may provide water to the fill section, or only one or the other set of spray heads may provide water to the fill section.

Referring to FIG. 3A, in case of only the A spray heads providing water, water will only flow in the A channels of the fill packs, following the paths shown by the arrows in FIG. 3A. With water filling the A channels as shown in FIG. 3A and spray heads B turned off, the air drawn into the fill section by the fan will follow the paths of least resistance, that is, through the B Channels. Thus, referring to FIG. 3B, air flowing up from the central bottom will predominantly flow through the B channels to the open areas in open-area layer 1 that are labeled as ‘B’ and then to the four open areas in open-area layer 2 that are also labeled with a ‘B’. The air will finally exit below one of the spray branches labeled ‘B’. Once airflow starts out in a ‘B’ channel it will stay in that ‘B’ channel until it exits the fill-pack, never flowing through the ‘A’ path. Due to the arrangement of the interleaved perpendicularly oriented corrugated sheets in the fill packs, the ‘A’ and ‘B’ paths are completely separate paths through the fill pack.

According to the arrangement shown in FIG. 2A, then, the cooling tower can be run in 3 different configurations.

According to a first configuration, if the water is allowed to flow equally through both spray branches, the tower will act as a standard counterflow direct-cooling cooling tower. Water will flow down through both A and B channels, and air will flow up through both A and B channels, drawn by the fan. The airflow and water flow in each of the channels will be equal.

According to a second configuration, when the ambient dry bulb is cool, the tower may be run in an indirect cooling mode. In the indirect cooling mode, all of the water may be caused to flow through channel ‘A’ channels, and no water will flow through channel ‘B’ channels. In this mode there is double the design water flow going through ‘A’ channels which increases the resistance of air trying to flow up channel ‘A’ channels. With no water flowing through ‘B’ channels, the resistance of air trying to flow up ‘B’ channels will be reduced. The result of this water flow arrangement is that more of the air will now flow in the dry channels with less flowing in the flooded channels.

Since the A and B channels are interleaved, the open cooling tower will now be mostly an indirect heat exchanger, as the warm water flowing down the ‘A’ channels will be cooled by the cool air flowing up the ‘B’channels. While there will still be some evaporation occurring in the ‘A’ channels, as not all of the air will be directed to the ‘B’ channels, there will be significantly less evaporation than with a standard tower.

According to a third configuration, when the ambient dry-bulb is too high to allow operation in the fully indirect mode, a partially indirect mode may be used. In this third configuration some water would be directed to the ‘B’ channels via the B spray heads. By sending some water through the ‘B’ channels and reducing the overfeeding of water to the ‘A’ channels, there will be some evaporative cooling; however this arrangement may allow more latent cooling of the recirculating water than would occur with an standard evaporative tower under the same conditions.

For multi-cell units in ambient conditions where operating in the dry mode provides insufficient cooling, some cells could be run dry while others wet. The wet section would cool the water below the setpoint to compensate for the dry section's inability to reach the required cold-water temperature. The average temperature of the wet and dry section would meet the required cold-water temperature and some dry cooling would still be performed. Likewise a single cell could also be run in a partially-dry mode by sending some of the hot water in one area of the cell through the standard spray system while the balance is dry-cooled in other areas of the tower.

This invention is not limited to counterflow-cooling towers. FIG. 3C illustrates how an embodiment of the invention can be applied to a crossflow cooling tower. In this example the ‘B’ channel could be the water channel. In the dry mode water would only pass into ‘B’ channels. The crosshatched areas are indirect heat exchangers. A person having ordinary skill in the art would be able to easily apply the variations of the invention previously illustrated for counterflow cooling towers to crossflow cooling towers.

The configurations of the channels do not have to be identical. Since channel ‘A’ will always contain water, a more tortuous channel path/configuration may yield improved heat transfer. Also the bi-directional fill need not be made square. FIG. 4 illustrates a bi-directional fill with a 2:1 aspect ratio, in which the length of one set of corrugations is twice the length of the corrugations in the perpendicular direction. According to the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the corrugated sheets with corrugations aligned in the NW to SE direction are twice as long as the corrugated sheets with corrugations aligned in the NE to SW direction (when length of the sheet is measured in the direction parallel to the corrugations), and the A channels are twice as long as the B channels. Additionally, the channel entry and exit zones will increase or decrease correspondingly. As can be seen from FIG. 4, the channel A entry, exit, and intermediate zones are significantly smaller than channel B entry, exit and intermediate zones. According to a preferred aspect of this embodiment, Path ‘A’ would be the water path. In the dry mode very little air would go through ‘A’. While this arrangement may have airflow and other benefits it will have less cross-sectional dry cooling per unit of height as compared to an arrangement with equal zone widths. For example, with fill packs having perpendicularly arranged corrugated sheets of equal length (a 1:1 aspect ratio) the area of indirect heat transfer is 50%, see FIGS. 2A and 5. Even when the orientation of corrugations of interleaved sheets are shifted from perpendicular) (90°), e.g., FIGS. 2A and 5, to a narrower/taller diamond, in which the angles between interleaved corrugated sheets is 60°/30°, the area of indirect transfer is still 50%, provided that the length of the interleaved corrugated sheets are equal, e.g., FIG. 6. By comparison, the fill packs of FIG. 4 cover less than 50% of the cross-sectional area of the fill area.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, the open areas shown in FIGS. 2-4 do not need to be open but can be filled with omni-directional fill; see FIG. 5. This standard fill would serve as extra direct heat-exchanger surface area when the tower was operated in a fully evaporative mode, i.e., in which both spray heads A and B were providing water to the fill area, and water was flowing through both channels A and B. In the dry mode there would be no cooling in the omni-directional fill as either water or air but not both will pass through that area fill. With the open areas filled in with omnidirectional fill, the tower will have very similar evaporative cooling capability as a similar evaporative tower with the same fill volume and horsepower fan.

The fill packs according to the invention may also be elongated, i.e., in which FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a fill pack elongated in the vertical direction, i.e., in which the orientation of corrugations of interleaved sheets are shifted from perpendicular (90°) to 60°/30°. Such a configuration could improve water distribution and lower the pressure drop from air flowing up the fill. In all other respects, the embodiment of FIG. 6 operates the same as the embodiment of FIGS. 2 and 3.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, illustrated in FIG. 7A the multiple fill packs in a single fill pack layer shown in FIGS. 2-6 may be replaced with a single fill pack made up of a first set of long sheets of fill, corrugated at an angle, alternating with a second set of long sheets of fill with corrugations that are perpendicular to, or at some other angle relative to, the corrugation of the first sheets, where the two sets of alternating corrugated sheets are separated by intermediate sheets. A partially exploded view of the fill pack of FIG. 7A is shown in FIG. 7B.

According to this embodiment of the invention, channels are formed between corrugated sheets and adjacent intermediate sheets such that water entering a channel stays in that channel until it exits the fill block. FIG. 7A illustrates one direction of the corrugations, and hence, of the channels. Not shown, is the direction of the second set of corrugations/channels that travel across the first set of corrugations (separated by the intermediate sheets, also not shown in FIG. 7A, The dark lines indicate the limits of each of zones A₁-A₆ and B₁-B₆. Zones with an odd subscript (i.e., A₁, A₃, A₅, B₁, B₃, B₅ go from right to left as the channels move down the fill pack, and the zones with even subscripts (i.e., A₂, A₄, A₆, B₂, B₄, B₆) go from left to right as the channels move down the fill pack. The diamond-shaped areas are areas of zone overlap. With both sets of spray nozzle on, this system will function as a typical direct heat exchanger. However, if air is going through one zone and water through the others, the diamond areas will act as indirect heat exchangers, cooling the water without evaporation. More specifically, if one half of the spray heads are closed, e.g., the B spray heads, and all of the water is flowing through the A spray heads into the A channels, the diamond areas of overlap will function as an indirect heat exchanger.

Note however, that according to the embodiment of FIG. 7A there is no exit for water entering zones A₁ or B₆, i.e., there are “dead areas” at the ends of the fill pack where the channels dead end into the side wall. This effect can be predominately alleviated by modifying the internal intermediate sheets as shown in FIG. 8A. When the corners of the internal intermediate sheets are removed/beveled as shown in FIG. 8A, the dead-areas of FIG. 7A become connected to open paths in the cross direction from the same zone that allows some water or air flow to occur. A partially exploded view of the fill pack of FIG. 8A is shown in FIG. 8B.

If the zones are of equal width, and if overlapping zones at the bottom exit of the fill column are to be avoided, the vertical height of the fill (H) divided by the width of the zones (W) must equal to the tangent of the angle of the corrugation (Θ). This relationship is illustrated in FIG. 7A. If the fill height and zone width do not satisfy this relationship, then exit areas will receive flow from adjacent zones. The bottom layer of fill could be truncated so long as there was not additional bi-directional fill below it.

Alternatively, the height to zone width ratio limitation can be avoided as shown in FIG. 9A, by stacking fill packs of the type shown in FIG. 7A on top of one-another, but reversing the angles of corrugation for each channel, e.g., by rotating the second layer fill pack 180° horizontally, relative to the fill pack of the first layer fill pack, and optionally adding additional layers of fill pack, reversing the orientation of each relative to the one above, so that the channels zig-zag down the fill column. Partially exploded views of the three layers of the fill pack of FIG. 9A are shown in FIGS. 9B, 9C and 9D. By using any number of zigs and zags, or “doglegs,” the fill height can be made in multiples of the tan (Θ)×W.

By sending all of the water through one set of paths in the fill and none of the water through the other, the resistance to airflow will be greater in the paths with the water. Under typical water-flow rates of 6 gpm per square foot, this greater air resistance will result in a split of airflow such that approximately 55% of the air will go through the dry path and 45% of the air will go through the wet path even when the paths have the same cross-sectional area. While this will lead to significant water use reduction for a tower, with many ambient conditions even more water could be saved if there were more than 55% of the air passing through the dry section.

Another embodiment of this invention has one of the paths designated as a “wet-path” and the other designated as a “dry-path”. The wet-path would be narrowed down in cross-sectional area while the dry-path would be opened up. This will increase the resistance to air-flow in the wet-path and reduce it in the dry-path. By this change, a higher percentage of air than 55% will go through the dry-path. The percentage of air in the dry path can be adjusted by adjusting the cross-sectional areas of the two paths. This higher percentage will allow more water to be saved in many ambient conditions than the 45%/55% split achieved with equal cross-sectional area paths.

FIG. 10 illustrates another embodiment of the invention. According to this embodiment, the indirect heat exchanger covers more than 50% of the fill-pack area. As with prior embodiments, the embodiment represented by FIG. 10 may be constructed with alternating sheets (stacked into the page, from the view of FIG. 10), but in this embodiment, all the channels run vertically at the center of the fill column. Since the columns are vertical, the intermediate sheets of FIGS. 2-9 are not necessary (although they may still be used). Instead, the intermediate sheets of FIGS. 2-9 may be formed with ribs to separate each sheet from adjacent sheets thereby creating the channels. According to this embodiment, each internal sheet has one set of channels on a first side, and a second set of channels on an opposite side. One half of the channels are vertical from top to bottom. The other half of the channels shift to the right at the top of the column, in order to form overlapping water/air zones, and then optionally shift back to the left, so that the exit zones do not overlap. Zones denoted with odd subscripts, i.e., A₁, A₃, A₅, B₁, B₃, and B₅, denoted by solid lines, shift to the right at the top, then drop vertically, then optionally shift back to the left at the bottom of the column. Zones denoted with even subscripts, i.e., A₂, A₄, A₆, B₂, B₄ and B₆, denoted by dashed lines, and which reside in front of and behind the odd Zones, looking through the page, drop straight down the column from top to bottom.

Looking at a typical zone B₃/B₄, on the side represented by solid lines the B₃ doglegs right, flows straight down to the bottom of the pack then doglegs left to exit. On the side represented by dashed lines B₄ flow goes directly down and recombines with the B₃ flow at the exit. (Note this recombination is only to separate the air from the water exits to minimize aspiration of water into a dry channel and may not be necessary.) In the shaded areas behind the B₄ zone is A₅ and behind the B₃ zone is A₄. With water flowing through A and air only in B there will be an indirect heat exchanger. On the left edge of the fill pack, zone A₁ and B₂ are double width to eliminate an otherwise dead area opposite zone A₂ since there is no B₀ to flow behind it.

The standard-fill as illustrated results in individual channels running from top to bottom of the fill.

FIGS. 11-13 illustrate one way according to which the embodiment of FIG. 10 may be fabricated. FIG. 11 shows the parts that may be assembled to make the two sets of alternating sheets. FIG. 12 shows the assembly of parts to make assembly A, a first set of sheets, and FIG. 13 shows the assembly of parts to make assembly B, a second set of sheets. The solid lines represent ridged/ribbed bonding surfaces where the sheets are bonded to one another to create the channels; the dashed lines indicate an end of the part, which is bonded to a part of the same sheet to create an assembled sheet. Each rib/ridge on the front side of parts A, B, and C, has a corresponding rib/ridge on the reverse side. A cross-sectional view of Part B is shown in FIG. 13A. These three different parts are assembled as shown in FIGS. 12 and 13.

In assembly A, Part ‘A’ is attached atop Part ‘B’ as shown. Going from top to bottom Part ‘A’ will, in general, index over one column to the right. At the bottom of the assembly Part ‘A’ is flipped 180° horizontally and will index over one column to the left effectively returning the output of the column to below its original input. The leftmost column becomes a double column due to the edge effect of the fill-pack. The center of the sheet identifies if a column carries water or air. As illustrated in, the columns in assembly A alternate between water and air with the left-most column being a water column.

In assembly B, Part ‘C’ is attached atop Part ‘B’ as shown in FIG. 13. In general part ‘C’ will direct each column straight down. At the bottom of the assembly Part ‘C’ is flipped 180° vertically. The center of the sheet identifies if a column is a water or air column. As illustrated, the columns in assembly B alternate between water and air with the left-most column being an air column.

The fill pack is constructed by alternating assembly A with assembly B. In the cross-sectional view, every water column on assembly A is sandwiched between two air columns on the assembly B; one in front and one behind. Likewise every water column of assembly B is sandwiched between two air columns on assembly A. An indirect heat exchanger is then constructed where the warm water in one column is cooled by the cool air passing in columns in front and in back of it.

The advantage of embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 11 through 13 is that instead of a full intermediate sheet, only the top and bottom of the intermediate sheet is needed. For a 4-foot high pack with 8″ wide columns, the combined height of Part ‘A’ and Part ‘C’ would be 16″, savings two thirds of the material of the intermediate sheet. Since every other sheet is an intermediate sheet, this embodiment will save 33% of the materials for a 4-foot pack and even more for taller packs.

FIG. 14A illustrates a cross section of part B, of FIG. 11.

FIG. 14B illustrates a cross section taken in the middle of the fill-pack illustrated in FIG. 10. The ribs/ridges of the sheets have been exaggerated to show sealing points. An individual sheet is shown in heavy line in the middle of the pack. Each sheet is a mirror image of the adjacent sheets on each side. Each set of adjacent sheets defines a set of channels. All heat transfer occurs across these sheets. Water paths are denoted by cross-hatches. The cross-sectional areas of the water and air paths are equal and should result in an airflow split of 55%/45% with typical water loading. A checkerboard pattern of air-channels and water-channels are shown.

FIG. 15 shows an embodiment in which the profile of the sheets are modified such that the designated water channels (with cross-hatches) are smaller than the designated air path. This will result in an airflow split such that the amount of air passing through the air path is >55%. The airflow split can be modified by changing the ratio of the water-path area to air-path area. Again an individual sheet is shown in heavy line in the middle of the pack. Each set of adjacent sheets, with each sheet a mirror image of adjacent sheets, defines a set of channels.

FIG. 16 shows another embodiment of the invention. This embodiment completely eliminates the multiple-element sheet assembly of FIGS. 11-13. According to this embodiment, the complete bi-zonal fill may constructed using a single repeating sheet. On Figure, 16 single lines indicate a bonding ridge coming out of the plane of the sheet, and double lines indicate a bonding ridge going into the plane of the sheet. Triple lines indicate a bonding ridge coming out of the sheet next to a bonding ridge going into the sheet. The sheet is symmetrical about a horizontal axis at the midsection. Taking a first sheet having the orientation shown in FIG. 16, and by attaching a second sheet flipped 180° about this axis atop the first sheet, the bonding surfaces indicated by single lines will mate and form the channels indicated by the heavy lines in FIG. 17.

By attaching a third sheet flipped 180° about this axis behind the first sheet, the bonding surfaces indicated by double lines will mate and form the channels indicated by the heavy lines in FIG. 18. Thus with multiple copies of this single sheet, a fill pack can be assembled without resorting to the three-part construction shown in FIGS. 11-13 or with intermediate corrugated fill sheets. As with previous designs, the cross-sectional area of the water-path and air path can be adjusted by changing the height of the bonding surfaces. The advantage of this design is that it completely eliminates corrugated sheet, makes assembly simpler, and requires only a single mold for thermoforming.

It would be an advantage to be able to increase the height of the fill pack without having to make separate thermoforming molds or gluing together sheets of fill to make a taller sheet. Also, assembling very tall fill packs in cooling towers becomes difficult. The difficulty in simply stacking bi-zonal fill packs on top of each other is that if the channels do not line up exactly, water can get into an air-channel which reduces the dry-cooling ability of the pack. FIGS. 19 through 22 illustrate an embodiment of the invention that allows for a stackable fill pack. FIG. 19 shows the straight channels, and FIG. 20 shows the indexed channels. The dark lines indicate the seal points. The top and bottom of the fill are crenellated to allow stacked packs to nest together. The crenellation at the top is evenly spaced—with the water channels always notched down and the air channels protruding upwards. The crenellation at the bottom is not evenly spaced. The water channel is narrower and the air channel is wider. The water channel tapers to a funnel shape. The bottom air-channel profile is slightly deeper and wider than the water-channel profile. When fill packs are stacked, the bottom of one pack's water channels will then touch the top of the next pack's water channels, while a gap will remain between the air channels of the two packs. This arrangement will prevent water from a water channel from leaking into an air channel.

Typical thermoforming machines used to make fill have a maximum forming area of approximately 4′×4′. Fill can be formed larger than this in one direction if there is a repeating pattern. FIGS. 21 and 22 illustrated an embodiment that allows wider fill-packs to be assembled. The heavy lines indicate seal points. The shaded areas show potential cut lines. Both FIGS. 21 and 22 indicate a cut lines after each of 2 repeating motifs. If, for example, each motif was 3′ long on a 4′ wide sheet, then fill packs that were 6′ or 9′ wide by 4′ high could be assembled. By stacking two layers of crenellated-fill-packs, a cooling tower could be equipped with 8′ high of fill.

FIG. 23 illustrates a modification of FIG. 10 such that the columns are indexed only ½ column width to the left. FIG. 24 illustrates the second sheet in this design where all the columns are indexed ½ a column width to the right. FIG. 23 shows an embodiment of the invention where, like FIG. 10, the indirect heat exchanger (shaded) covers more than 50% of the fill-pack area. At the top and bottom of each column the unshaded triangles are areas where there is no indirect contact of an air column with a water column and therefore no indirect heat transfer. Good practice has the hypotenuse of these triangles to be at least 45° from the horizontal. If a column was 1-foot wide, then the area of each triangle would be 0.5 ft² for a total area of 1 ft² of no indirect heat exchanger per column. This area is the same regardless of the height of a column. For a 4′ high column, 25% of the area of the column is not part of the indirect heat exchanger; for a two-foot high column this would increase to 50%.

Both outside columns are now double-wide columns, as compared to the embodiment of FIG. 10 in which only the left-side was a double column. But like the embodiment of FIG. 10, the double columns are indirect heat exchangers since a water double-channel will be sandwiched between two air double-channels. On FIG. 24 the areas of no indirect contact between water and air columns are shaded. If the columns are 1-foot wide and the angles are again at 45°, the shaded triangles are √(½+(½)²)=0.707′ on a side. The area of each shaded triangle is (0.707)²×½=¼ ft². In FIG. 24 there are 8 shaded triangles for a total of 2 ft². If the Sheet is 6′ wide by 4′ high then there are 24 ft² of sheet area. The area that is not part of the indirect heat exchanger is 2/24=8.3%. Even if the sheet was only 2′ high the percentage of area that is not part of the indirect heat exchanger is only 2/12=16.7%.

FIGS. 25 and 26 illustrate how this embodiment can be thermoformed on standard equipment to make tall fill packs and eliminating the requirement for stacking. The designs in FIGS. 25 and 26 consist of a two-foot long repeating motif on a four-foot wide sheet. The repeating motif is shown with dashed-lines. This repeating motif allows a four-foot wide fill pack to be constructed in heights of 2′, 4′, 6′, 8′, etc. In FIGS. 25 and 26 cut lines are shown that would produce a 6′ high fill pack. In FIG. 26 areas where there will be no indirect heat exchanger are illustrated as 4 diamond-shaped areas and 4 triangular-shaped areas. Each triangular-shaped area is ¼ ft² while each diamond shaped area is ½ ft². The total area with no indirect heat exchanger is then 3 ft². Since each sheet is 24 ft², there will be 21/24=87.5% of the fill area as an indirect heat exchanger.

This invention will require a different water distribution method than a standard cooling tower. Each water column will require a separate spray-branch. By aligning the fill packs a single spray branch can extend the entire length or width of a cell. With a 1′ wide column, there would need to be a spray branch every 1-foot. The number of spray branches can be reduced by having 2 separate spray systems. One would be a standard spray system and would be used when the tower was operating in a fully wet mode. A second spray system would be located over every other column and would be used when the system was operating in a “dry” mode. In a typical 36′×36′ cell this will result in 18 additional spray branches to be used when operating in the dry mode. The number of spray branches can be reduced by aligning the fill packs as shown in FIG. 27. The fill packs used in FIG. 27 are 4′long by 1′ wide by 6′ high, though the height is not important. Each fill pack has 17 sheets spaced approximately 0.75″ apart. The fill packs shown have four channels as shown in FIGS. 25 and 26 though any of the embodiments of the invention could as easily be used. By alternating the orientation of the blocks when assembling the fill in some places two water-columns will be next to each other allowing a single spray branch to feed two columns. On the 36′ wide cell shown in FIG. 27 only 14 secondary spray branches are required.

This minimal amount of additional spray-branches is a dramatic improvement over the prior art. U.S. Pat. No. 3,997,635 describes using separate spray nozzles between parallel sheets. Similar designs are used in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,337,216 and 5,775,409. In this prior art, to form an indirect heat exchanger, spray branches must be placed along every other sheet. For the cell in FIG. 27, the prior art would require 8 spray branches each 36′ long for every foot of cell width. Since the cell is 36′ wide this will result in 8×36=288 spray branches. It would be impractical to equip a cell in this manner. As noted in the previous paragraph, with this invention the cell could be treated with as few as 14 additional spray branches.

FIGS. 28A and 28B shows an improvement to the embodiment of FIGS. 23 and 24. The ½ column index design illustrated in FIGS. 23 and 24 requires one more input-region than vertical columns. Specifically, FIGS. 23 and 24 show 6 input-zones and 5 vertical columns. FIGS. 28A and 28B illustrate a 5-input-zone embodiment of the invention. FIG. 28A illustrates the “A-sheet” for a modification of the half-column-index illustrated in FIG. 23, and FIG. 28B illustrates the “B-sheet” for a modification of the half-column-index illustrated in FIG. 24. An operational concern of the bi-zonal design is the ability to move water from its input-zone laterally to the part of the fill where indirect cooling occurs. For the design in FIGS. 23 and 24, some of the water entering into the leftmost “W” region of FIG. 23 must move laterally to the left a full column width. Water entering the other “W” regions must move laterally only ½ a column width. The embodiment of FIGS. 28A and 28B eliminates the requirement for a full column lateral movement by using an odd number of input-zones (FIGS. 28A and 28B illustrate 5 input-zones) with the outer input-zones being water zones. The embodiment of FIGS. 28A and 28B has 5 equal-width input-zones and 4 unequally-sized vertical columns. The inner two columns are the same width as the input-zones and the outer two columns are each 1½ times the width of the input-zones. Water entering any of the three “W” regions are only indexed a maximum of ½ a column width laterally.

FIG. 29 (bottom) shows an additional modification to the embodiment of FIGS. 28A and 28B. The top of FIG. 29 is simply a repeat of sheet “B” from FIG. 28B, for comparison purposes. As shown in 28B and in the top of FIG. 29, this embodiment has 5 equal-width input-zones with water on the outside and center zones and 4 columns with the two inner columns being the same width as the input-zones and the two outer columns being 1½ times the width of the input-zones.

By contrast, in the embodiment shown at the bottom of FIG. 29, the vertical columns are all the same width but the outer input-zones are ½ the width of the three interior input-zones. As in the arrangement illustrated in FIG. 28B, water entering any of the water-input zones must move laterally only ½ a column width. According to an alternative embodiment, the outer water input zones could be made larger than ½ a column width by making the interior input zones narrower. In “dry” mode this would result in moving water less than ½ column width although it would require moving water more than ½ column width in “wet” mode. If a tower has excess capacity in the wet mode, such a change would improve dry performance without undue sacrifice of wet performance.”

With both of these designs the fill assemblies are preferably stacked side-by-side in a cooling tower such that the outer water columns of two adjacent fill blocks will be fed by a single spray nozzle.

FIG. 30 illustrates another embodiment of the invention which employs Coand{hacek over (a)}-effect spoons. Water entering a wet input-zone must be moved ½ column width laterally. For the center wet input-zones, water falling on the front of the sheet must move to the left while water falling on the back of the sheet must move to the right. In the hybrid mode water will only fall on both sides of the center water-input-zone, but in the fully evaporative mode water will fall on both sides of all the air-input-zones, as well. Since the sheets are typically thermoformed, any structure on the front of the sheet will result in the inverse structure on the back. Thus, ridges to direct water to the left on the front of the sheet will result in valleys that direct water in the wrong direction on the back. This problem is resolved by the Coand{hacek over (a)}-effect spoons illustrated for Sheet A in FIG. 30. The spoons are preferably curved structures, preferably about ½″ tall and tapered wider bases and narrower tops. According to preferred embodiment, the bases are about ⅜″ wide and the tops are about ⅛″ wide, with a draft angle of approximately 109 degrees (see, e.g., FIG. 31). This geometry aids in water distribution and formability of the thermoformed sheet. The shaded spoons in FIG. 30 come out of the page (toward the reader) while the unshaded spoons go into the page (away from the reader) forming raised spoons on the backside of the sheet. Sheet B is a mirror-image of Sheet A in this region which results in the spoon shapes lining up to completely cross the channel.

Water falling on the top of the spoons that come out of the page will be directed to the left. Water touching the back-side of the spoons will also be directed to the left by the Coand{hacek over (a)}effect. Water entering the spoons that go into the page will not be moved laterally in either direction. Overall, water falling on the front of the page will move to the left while water falling on the back of the sheet will move to the right.

FIGS. 31 and 32 show another embodiment of the invention using Coand{hacek over (a)}-effect spoons. According to this embodiment, the spoons on one side of the input zone are formed in one direction perpendicular to the plane of the sheet, and the spoons on the other side of the input zone are formed in the opposite direction perpendicular to the plane of the sheet. The spoons are curved toward the intended direction of water flow at 90-160 degrees from horizontal, preferably 120 degrees, measured to the tangent of the curve center.

FIG. 33 illustrates another embodiment of the invention, this one including dampers for the water input-zones. The quantity of air that passes through the wet section will affect the amount of dry cooling that can be achieved. In the wintertime when the ambient temperature is low, significant amount of dry cooling can be achieved by severely limiting the amount of air passing through the wet columns. In the summertime with higher ambient temperatures, if only a little air is passing through the wet columns the tower may not be able to meet cooling requirements in the hybrid mode. When this happens some cells must be operated in the full evaporative mode or the entire tower much switch to the full evaporative mode with no water savings.

With dampers on the water input, the split of air between the wet and dry sections can be easily modified. FIG. 33 illustrates dampers on the air exit from the wet regions of the fill but they could easily be located on the input to the wet-regions of the fill or on both the input and exit. The dampers could be built to be manually adjusted or they could be built to be automatically adjusted. If they are automatically adjusted they could be combined with a speed-controlled fan to provide the maximum dry cooling under all ambient conditions. The maximum water savings will occur with settings such that the least amount of air passes through the wet section while the system is still able to meet cooling requirements. Adjustable dampers allow this to occur over a wide variety of ambient conditions.

The descriptions of this invention have not specified material of construction. Typically fill is made of PVC which has poor thermal conductivity. In the indirect heat transfer mode this poor conductivity will hurt performance. If the PVC sheet and corrugations are kept thin then problem is lessened. Different plastics or metal sheets with higher thermal conductivity would improve the heat transfer. In particular stainless steel alloys such as 304 or 430 would improve the indirect cooling properties. 

1. A cooling tower comprising cooling tower fill arranged for the cooling of process water with air by indirect heat exchange, in which the fill is configured with a first set of channels and a second set of channels, said first and second set of channels interleaved with one-another so that heat exchange occurs across material separating said channels from one-another.
 2. A cooling tower according to claim 1, comprising a first set of spray heads configured to direct said process water only to said first set of channels, and a second set of spray heads configured to direct said process water only to said second set of channels or to all channels.
 3. A cooling tower according to claim 1, configured to allow heat exchange between process water in said first set of channels and air in said second set of channels when said first set of spray heads is open, permitting process water to flow through said first set of channels, and said second set of spray heads is closed.
 4. (canceled)
 5. (canceled)
 6. A cooling tower according to claim 1 in which said channels are created by one or more fill packs, each fill pack comprising layers of stacked corrugated sheets, each corrugated sheet having a longitudinal axis that is shifted 30° to 90° relative to a longitudinal axis of adjacent corrugated sheets, each corrugated sheet separated from an adjacent corrugated sheet by an intermediate sheet.
 7. A cooling tower according to claim 1, wherein said corrugated sheets are bonded to adjacent intermediate sheets along corrugation ridges of said corrugated sheets.
 8. A cooling tower according to claim 6, wherein said first set of channels are oriented at an angle of 45° relative to vertical, and where said second set of channels are also oriented at an angle of 45° relative to vertical, but perpendicular to said first set of channels.
 9. A cooling tower according to claim 6, wherein said fill packs have a length and a width that are approximately equal.
 10. A cooling tower according to claim 6, wherein said fill packs have a length and a width, and wherein the length of said fill packs is 1 to 3 times the width.
 11. A cooling tower according to claim 6, wherein said fill packs are arranged in a plurality of layers across said cooling tower,
 12. A cooling tower according to claim 6 comprising open areas between said fill packs.
 13. (canceled)
 14. A cooling tower according to claim 6, wherein said each of said fill packs comprise stacked corrugated and intermediate sheets that extend across a plurality of indirect heat exchange zones of said cooling tower.
 15. (canceled)
 16. A cooling tower according to claim 6, comprising a plurality of fill packs stacked on top of one-another in said cooling tower, and wherein each said fill pack is oriented 180°, horizontally, relative to a fill pack immediately above and/or below.
 17. A cooling tower according to claim 1, wherein said first and second sets of channels have the same dimensions.
 18. A cooling tower according to claim 1, wherein said first set of channels is larger in cross-section than said second set of channels.
 19. A cooling tower fill pack comprising a stack of identical plastic sheets, each sheet having a first face and a second face, said first face having a first set of ridges that define a first set of channels, said second face having a second set of ridges that define a second set of channels, and wherein in said fill pack, said plastic sheets are stacked so that a first face of a first sheet, is mated with a first face of a second sheet, turned upside down, and a second face of said second sheet is mated with a second face of a third sheet, turned upside down relative to said second sheet.
 20. A cooling tower fill pack according to claim 19, wherein said plastic sheets comprise crenellated portions where at top and bottom sections where said channel-defining-ridges terminate.
 21. A cooling tower fill pack comprising a stack of two different plastic sheets, each sheet having a first face and a second face, said first face having a first set of ridges that define a first set of channels, said second face having a second set of ridges that define a second set of channels, and wherein in said fill pack, said plastic sheets are stacked so that a first face of a first sheet, is mated with a first face of a second sheet, and a second face of said second sheet is mated with a second face of a third sheet identical to the first sheet to form two sets of channels, said first and second sets of channels interleaved with one-another so that heat exchange occurs across material separating said channels from one-another.
 22. A cooling tower according to claim 5, wherein said channels define an odd number of input zones and one fewer columns than input zones.
 23. A cooling tower according to claim 22, wherein outermost channels are water channels.
 24. A cooling tower according to claim 22, wherein said input zones have an equal width, and wherein said columns are of unequal width.
 25. A cooling tower according to claim 22, wherein the columns are all the same width and outermost input zones have a width that is ½ a width of interior input zones.
 26. A cooling tower according to claim 22, wherein the columns are all the same width and the input zones have unequal width.
 27. A cooling tower according to claim 1 in which said channels are created by one or more fill packs, each fill pack comprising layers of stacked corrugated sheets, each corrugated sheet having formed thereon at water input zones a plurality of convex ridges and impressions, each ridge corresponding to an impression on an opposite side of a fill sheet on which said ridge is formed; said ridges arranged to direct water that falls in a input zone in which the ridges are formed to move laterally into a corresponding water column.
 28. A cooling tower according to claim 1, further comprising adjustable air dampers positioned above water input regions of said fill or below the water exit regions of said fill to restrict the amount of air that passes through water columns of said fill.
 29. A cooling tower according to claim 28, wherein said adjustable air dampers are automatically controlled in combination with an automatically controlled variable speed fan. 